Java (programming language)

Two-Way if-else Statements:           An if-else statement allows a program to choose between two different execution paths based on whether a condition is true or false.           While a one-way if statement performs an action only when the specified condition is true, a two-way if-else statement provides alternative actions to be taken depending on whether the condition is true or false.           The syntax for a two-way if-else statement is as follows: if (boolean-expression) {     statement(s)-for-the-true-case; } else {     statement(s)-for-the-false-case; }           The flowchart of this statement is depicted in Figure -1.    Figure-1              Figure-1 An if-else statement executes statements for the true case if the Boolean expression evaluates to true; otherwise, statements for the false case are executed.            If the boolean expression evaluates to true, the statement(s) for the true case is executed. If it evaluates to false, the statement(s) for the false case i

 If statements:           An if statement is a programming construct that allows a program to choose between different paths of execution based on a specified condition. In the previous program, a message like "6 + 2 = 7 is false" is displayed. If you want the message to be "6 + 2 = 7 is incorrect," you can use a selection statement to make this minor modification.           In Java, there are several types of selection statements available: one-way if statements , two-way if-else statements, nested if statements, multi-way if-else statements , switch statements, and conditional expressions.           A one-way if statement is used to execute a block of code only if a certain condition is true. The syntax for a one-way if statement is as follows: if (boolean-expression) {     statement(s); }           The flowchart in Figure-1a visually represents how Java executes the syntax of an if statement. A flowchart is a diagram that illustrates an algorithm or process, dis

Numeric type conversions:            Floating-point numbers can be converted into integers using explicit casting. When performing binary operations with operands of different types, Java automatically converts the operand with the smaller range to the type with the larger range. For example, if you multiply an integer (3) with a floating-point number (4.5), Java will convert the integer to a floating-point value (3.0) before performing the multiplication. So, 3 * 4.5 is equivalent to 3.0 * 4.5.           n Java, you can always assign a value to a numeric variable that supports a larger range of values. For example, you can assign a long value to a float variable. However, assigning a value to a variable with a smaller range requires explicit type casting. Type casting is an operation that converts a value from one data type to another. Widening a type refers to casting a type with a smaller range to a type with a larger range, while narrowing a type refers to casting a type with a lar

 Operator precedence and associativity:                   Operator precedence and associativity in Java determine the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression. Operator precedence defines which operators have higher priority over others, while associativity determines the order in which operators of the same precedence are evaluated.           Java follows a set of rules for operator precedence and associativity, which are as follows: 1. Parentheses: Operators enclosed in parentheses `()` have the highest precedence. Expressions inside parentheses are evaluated first. 2. Postfix operators: Postfix operators like `++` and `--` have the highest precedence after parentheses. They are evaluated from left to right. 3. Unary operators: Unary operators such as `++`, `--`, `+`, `-`, `!`, and `~` are evaluated next. They have a right-to-left associativity. 4. Multiplicative operators: Multiplication `*`, division `/`, and remainder `%` operators have higher precedence than addi

  Types of Operators :  Augmented Assignment Operators:           Augmented operators, also known as compound assignment operators, allow you to combine arithmetic operators with the assignment operator in a concise way. Instead of writing separate statements to perform an operation and assign the result back to a variable, you can use augmented operators to achieve the same result in a more compact form.           For example, let's consider the statement `count = count + 1;`. This statement increases the value of the variable `count` by 1. In Java, you can use the addition assignment operator (`+=`) to achieve the same result. So, the statement can be written as `count += 1;`.           The `+=` operator is an example of an augmented assignment operator. It combines the addition operator (`+`) with the assignment operator (`=`). This operator adds the value on the right side of the operator to the current value of the variable on the left side, and then assigns the result back to

 Evaluating Expressions and operator Precedence:           Java expressions follow the same evaluation rules as arithmetic expressions. When writing a numeric expression in Java, you can directly translate the arithmetic expression using Java operators.           For example, consider the arithmetic expression: (3 + 4x /5 )- (10(y - 5)(a + b + c) / x) + 9((4/x) + (9 + x)y)            This can be translated into a Java expression as: (3 + 4 * x) / 5 - 10 * (y - 5) * (a + b + c) / x + 9 * (4 / x + (9 + x) / y)           While Java has its own internal mechanism for evaluating expressions, the result of a Java expression and its corresponding arithmetic expression is the same. Therefore, you can safely apply the arithmetic rules for evaluating a Java expression. Operators enclosed within parentheses are evaluated first, and nested parentheses are evaluated from the innermost to the outermost. When multiple operators are present in an expression, operator precedence rules determine the ord